Thursday, November 28, 2019

Frankensteins Monstrosity Essay Example

Frankensteins Monstrosity Essay Thai Kingstone 15 October, 2010 1616W Frankenstein’s Monstrosity â€Å"I’m just a soul whose intentions are good, Oh lord, please don’t let me be misunderstood† a verse from the notorious rapper Lil Wayne who judges one’s physical appearance rather the inner qualities that never is seen. Throughout the last century, society has been based on superficial concepts of good or evil, beautiful or ugly, ordinary or abnormal. In Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, the Creature is depicted as a overwhelming ugly monster with superhuman strength and the lust to kill his next victim. Playing with the elements of God, Dr. Frankenstein’s dream was to bring upon life regardless of how it was created. Frankenstein’s creation is human in the sense that it holds emotions, a sense of compassion and the yearning to feel loved. All these characteristics are that possessed by humans not monsters. However, through society’s quick judgment and being â€Å"misunderstood† of the creatures physical abnormalities, Frankenstein is a monster. The contrast between Dr. Frankenstein and his creature implies that a monster is solely based of his physical characteristics. Victor Frankenstein is an egotistical scientist who succeeds in reanimating life but is disgusted by his creature’s appearance and thus abandons from him. Who is the real monster here? Although Dr. Frankensteins creature is portrayed as a monster in Mary Shellys Frankenstein, the real monster is Victor himself, as Victors creation is imbued with Victors negative character traits. There is an invisible value placed on the existence of inhumane characters in fiction, in comparison to the value of life of humans. We will write a custom essay sample on Frankensteins Monstrosity specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Frankensteins Monstrosity specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Frankensteins Monstrosity specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Mary Shelley seems to play with the distinct differences between humanity and monstrosity. Intelligence and emotions, and whether the character in question is actually alive in the conventional sense, are usually what dictate the morality of the situation. The term monster is defined as an unnatural being that doesn’t behave in accordance with normal social rules. A freak of nature, who lacks compassion and is a cruel inhumane object of society. In the novel Frankenstein, the creature is not that of a complete savage, but is shown to be more of a person. The creature shows intelligence, emotions, and the desire to be loved. In contrast, Victor Frankenstein is more of a monster, his display of selfishness and lack of compassion for others has been demonstrated through his creation. The creature is portrayed as the antithesis of love and acceptance, when in doubt his approach to these feelings are not his own, they are a portrayal of Victor’s inhumanity. The creation should reflect the personality and emotions of the artist, the real monster is Victor, not Frankenstein’s creation. In the beginning of the novel it is clear that Victor goes to great lengths to avoid others, especially those who care about him. Victor alienates himself from society and ignores his family and friends. Victor is a part of society that is related to other human beings including his parents and colleagues. However, he isolates himself not from just society but his family and friends by neglecting their feelings. These feelings â€Å"which made me neglect the scenes around me caused me also to forget those friends who were so many miles absent, and who I had not seen for so long a time† (Shelley 41). Victor has lost all contact with the world itself and relinquishes himself to the obsession of his work. Victor even succumbs to a severe illness that weakens him by months of work. Victors devotion to his work has consumed him so much that he does not respond to the need or minds of others. Not only has his solitude to his work created so much pain and distraught to his health but further demonstrated his role outside society. In contrast to Victor Frankenstein, the creature goes to great lengths to befriend others and be accepted in society. Despite the creature’s horrific appearance, the monster was very intelligent and made every attempt to form friendships with others. The creature gains much insight of the world and even teaches himself how to communicate and understand others. His intelligence and longing to fit in society illustrates his humaneness. Although the creature seeks to find companionship many times, his efforts are only met with fear and hostility. Frankenstein’s creation can only accept the rejection he faces from society and respond with the same attitude his father has for society. By casting away all around him, the creature indulges in evil. The creature’s greatly wishes to be part of society, â€Å"if I cannot inspire love, I will cause fear†(Shelley 135); and â€Å"if I have no ties and affections, hatred and vice must be my portion†(Shelley 137). The so called monster is only responding to Victor’s indifference and apathy. The creature shows the urgency to feel loved and accepted by society and not indifference. In a way Victor acts the role of God. Victor usurps the role of God by creating artificial life and presumes that he has full control over his creation. Throughout the whole novel, there are references to God and Satan as in connection to Victor and his creation. When Victor believes that he has absolute control of his creation, he is invigorated by his passion. However, when the monster is born to life, its appearance is that opposite of his control. The monster disdainfully criticizes Victor â€Å"Why did you form a monster so hideous that even you turned from me in disgust? God, in pity, made man beautiful and alluring after his own image; but my form is a filthy type of yours, more horrid† (Shelley 119). The monster is hideous in nature and Victor does not acknowledge his presence in this world. The monster goes on to protest his resemblance to Satan and his state of being â€Å"solitary and abhorred. † Victor assumes that he can exert complete influence on his creation, but undermines the attention it deserves when it comes to life. Victor is the true monster, because if he has no control over something he annihilate it; filled with vengeance. When examined closely, the monster’s actions are not driven by hatred, but rather a misguided upbringing. Victor Frankenstein’s is blinded by his ambition to create the perfect being, that he thinks his monster will be beautiful. He rejects his monster and completely neglects the responsibilities for his experiment. Victor doesn’t permit himself to be emotionally effected by others. Victors care for his creature can be related to that of his father when he refuses to contact his father in the midst of his work. This shows the complete indifference as obligation of a son. Victors treatment of his creation can be derived from the absence of his presence in his parents lives. Frankenstein questions him to â€Å"where were my friends and relations? No father had watched my infant days, no mother had blessed me with smiles and caresses [†¦] a blind vacancy in which I distinguished nothing† (Shelley 109). The creature has been living a life without a family or proper guidance. Victor feels that his parents are an absence in his life, just as his creature feels the same way. He feels abandoned, hurt and angry that he hasn’t been given the guidance he deserves. The egotistical views and stubbornness is one of many character traits that shows Victor Frankenstein is a monster. At first when he claims to obtain the essence of creating life, he does not tell anyone about it. He ponders that â€Å"this discovery soon gave lace to delight and rapture, what had been the study and desire of the wisest men since the creation of the world has now within my grasp† (Shelley 38). His excessive pride and self-glory only illustrates his disregard for others around him. In addition to Victor’s selfish attitude, Victor refuses to give attention nor concern to other peoples concern including his close family and friends. Dr. Frankenstein is also socially irresponsible in relevance to his extreme actions throughout the novel. From the very first encounter with Victor Frankenstein, we get a hint of his character when he asks Robert Walton, â€Å"Do you share my madness? † He is so consumed by his work, he does not sleep for days, nor go outside and eat meals, or write to his family as he used to. â€Å"For this I had deprived myself of rest and health† (Shelley 47). Victor’s share of madness and irresponsibility ultimately drove to his own death. Furthermore, Victor is driven so much by his actions that they indirectly led to the deaths of his relatives and close friends. Unlike Victor, the monster is socially responsible by caring for the DeLacey’s. The creature demonstrates his devotion to interacting with the DeLacey’s by observing Felix and Agatha while in the village. Regardless of not confronting the De Lacey family, his expression of happiness is seen through his constant attention to them. The creature even shows his obligation by helping out the family in supplying them with firewood and helps with the family chores. His compassion to help others is further displayed when he spares Felix’s life and saves the little girl from drowning in the river. The creature’s concern for human life illustrates just how humane he really is. Although, Victor’s creation has commits crimes, they are to exalt revenge on Victor, not sadism. Enraged by the lack of compassion he deserved from his father, the creature kills everyone close to Frankenstein out of vengeance. His initial rejection by his father leads him to seek friendship of the villagers. However, after being abandoned and outcaste, the peasants fueled the rage of his hideous birth into this world. The creature soon realizes that he is a poor, helpless, and miserable wretch that people misunderstand him because he is ugly. While the monster demonstrates guilty emotions for his crimes, Victor instead feels anger toward his creation and does not take any responsibility nor demonstrate guilt for the death of his loved ones. Victor is blinded by vengeance for his monster, that he refuses to accept blame. â€Å"My revenge is of no moment to you; while I allow it to be a vice, I confess that it is the devouring and only passion [†¦] I devote myself, either in my life or death to his destruction† (Shelley 191). It is ironic how Victor’s emotions overwhelm him at the mercy of his negative emotions. Victors flaws lie within him unable to recognize that his monster will respond to his own personality and have emotions of his own. Not all monsters possess monstrous characteristics. It is evident that society has created such misconceptions based on abnormal appearances. These distortions are falsely misguided, and can lead to different presumptions. Many fictional and ancient monsters have these misconceptions that they are essentially evil. Unlike many movie interpretations of monsters that portray fire breathing dragons, blood sucking vampires, and magical demons, there are occasional monsters or creatures that despite appearances are very much human-like. Occasionally these monsters can be seen as friendly or misunderstood creatures. Frankenstein is a prime example of a misunderstood monster, in films such as Van Hellsing and Monster Squad. There are many other monsters depicted in this manner such as the Hulk, Chewbacca, Shrek and even Elmo who are all notable examples of friendly monsters. This is clearly seen in Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein, where judgment is placed on the Victor Frankenstein and his creature. Victor Frankenstein is one that lacks compassion and bares no responsibility for his actions. In comparison, his creature is compassionate in every way and yearns for the attention and love from the humans that fear him. Victor Frankenstein’s unnatural behavior poses the real role of what a monster is. Shelley’s creation of Frankenstein was not to create a senseless savage imposed as a monster but rather a divine being to explore the limits of the human race. Victor Frankenstein’s creature was the embodiment of immortality, playing with life and death. Throughout the whole novel, Victor Frankenstein imposed the illusion of God. This power of creation relates to a larger theme. Victor possessed the opportunities and control over his creation. In contrast, God has created us in his own image with the same control and opportunity. God seemed to believe in his creations (us) and provided the necessary provisions such as companionship, food, shelter, and love. God doesn’t udge aspects or kill his creations. His ability to look beyond our abnormalities or imperfections is what separates God and Victor’s illusion of being God. Victor Frankenstein’s monster has different traits; God like traits that Victor doesn’t have. These traits can only be obtained with the appropriate compassion and devotion to others. Shelley’s reference to God and his creation reflect Victor’s monstrosity. What Measure is N on Human. Tv Tropes: What Measure is Non Human. Creative Commons Wiki, n. d. Web. 16 Nov 2010.

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Postwar Women essays

Postwar Women essays World War Two has often been described as a turning point in the battle for equality between men and women. From the beginning, women were always struggling to gain status, respect, and rights in their society. Prior to World War Two, a woman's role in society was seen as someone who cooked, cleaned, and gave birth. The years during and following the war marked a turning point in the battle for equality. Women, for once, were being seen as individuals with capabilities outside the kitchen, and we're for the first time given a chance to prove themselves. On December 7, 1942, Pearl Harbor was bombed and FDR declared war. This marked the entry of the US into World War Two, a war which has been going on in Europe for almost 2 years prior. The start of World War II opened a new chapter in the lives of women living in America. From coast to coast, husbands, fathers, sons and brothers shipped out to fight in Europe. With the entry of the US and the absence of large quantities of men, the demand for supplies increased, and women were called out of the kitchen and into the workforce. Posters, banners, and jingles were all aspects that helped encourage women's entrance into the workforce. Millions marched into factories, offices, and military bases. The demand for labor was so great, that a poll taken that year showed that only 13% of the population opposed females entering the workforce. Women's occupations varied from war nurses and cooking for the army, to making bombs and making weapons. Other occupations flourished, as well. Women photographers, writers, and reports were for once given a chance. The war offered women opportunity never given to them before. "The war has given women a chance to show what they can do in the world, and they have done well."(Craig,4). Women were given freedom and a chance to live the American dream. In 1910 till about 1940, women's employment rate was as low as only 13%. By June o...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Case Study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Assignment - Case Study Example ement are involved in the operation of computers, and other applications works in the system, which does not jeopardize service provision by these facilities. It is in this note that the computer facilities should be operated with distinct order and adequate security of its servers. The Becoming Company in its networking utilizes the three topologies; that is the star topology, bus topology and the linear topology. It also uses a Sun Microsystems Blade 6048 with 48 server modules as an Internal Gateway helps ease the operation of the company, and beneficial to the company since operating it is easy. Its unique features make the blade powerful, efficient and reliable. The design of 6048 allows it to perform its duties such as database, enterprise operation, high-performance computers and data consolidating and visualization (Bicsi, 2002). These features are coupled to improve the performance of the system. The company has managed to increase and maintain its performance by combining the three topologies to form 3 Internet Gateway web servers S1, S2 and S3. The bus topology (S1), which is the simplest network, is made up of the trunk and segment connecting all computers in the network. The system acts as an operating system, which enables the company transfer data and business transactions carried out effectively and pass through the gateway for processing. In this topology, every system is normally attached to signals over the channel. One computer usually sends data at a time; bus topology, however, is slow in data transmission. This form of arrangement is cheap since it requires short cable and its simplicity and makes it efficient and economical to the company. Data collision does not occur in the system since all networks are connected to a cable terminator (lanoff, 2010). The use of ring topology involve connecting nodes to form a single closed data path, these enables the system achieve high transmission rates than when connections made using bus topology

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Organizational Behavior Principles Phase 3 Individual Project Essay

Organizational Behavior Principles Phase 3 Individual Project - Essay Example Likewise people and things usually resist changes that come. This resistance to change is a strong one and usually occurs when people or things sense a change around them. Organizational culture has been a major player in shaping up the future and role of any organization in this fast moving world. Organization culture develops in a long time and includes important aspects of the working environment. While trying to bring about a change in the organization the resistance that can be faced comes in different forms. For example lack of coordination by employees, morale of the employees goes down, productivity can decrease, strikes by labor unions and etc. Individuals naturally rush to defend the status quo if they feel their security or status is threatened. The major symptom of a resistance to change is the behavior of the employees. Though some times the resistance is positive as well and might help in implementing a change in a much easier way. The resistance to an organizational ch ange or culture that we are going to discuss here is in the form of low productivity that occurs due to the unacceptability of the change by employees. Many employees that see themselves in danger and resist a change are potentially afraid of the side effects and aftermath of the change. This is natural, as all of us fear the unexpected the best way to eradicate this fear is by forecasting and showing the potential benefits of the change and how it is going to be beneficial for all the employees. When employees fear a change they start thinking about the potential dangers to their job and other services this results in questions that take shape in their mind, the eventual result is lack of concentration in work, which then results in the decreasing productivity. In this situation mentors in the organization can help the employees in resolving the lack of concentration by answering their questions

Monday, November 18, 2019

International Business Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International Business - Research Paper Example Introduction Vodafone Group Plc is the world’s leading mobile network operator which has deep roots in ‘Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Asia Pacific and the United States (Vodafone). The British multinational mobile network operator has subsidiaries over 25 countries. According to the reports, it has developed a network of approximately 341 million customers by March 31, 2010. The company has great interests in India and Australia as these countries hold a potential market for the growth of mobile network operators. The statistical data show that Vodafone serves 106.34 million customers in India, which constitute one third of their total customers. The Vodafone Group started its operations in India in 1994 through its Indian subsidiary Vodafone Essar. Vodafone Hutchison Australia is the Australian subsidiary of Vodafone group and they actively started operations in Australia in 1993. Vodafone claims that they have a wide network of 4.031 million customers across Austral ia (Facts & Figures). Company outline The mission statement of the company reads like this; â€Å"We will be the communications leader in an increasingly connected world† (Vodafone). The company gives great emphasis on product strategy. After selecting a particular segment for the product launching, the company designs a big project for influencing the customers of the targeted area. The Vodafone largely employs media advertisements by which they try to communicate unique benefits of the brands with the public. The wide range of advertisements help people to assess various services offered by the Vodafone and thereby they can differentiate the company’s products from that of its competitors. Likewise, the Vodafone group keeps some distinctive features in their distribution strategy also. The Vodafone Group has recently announced their plan to reorganize the activities of six service providers into another three new businesses. This reorganization intends to specificall y concentrate on various market sectors such as corporate customers, small businesses, and the consumer. These different groups would have different needs and it would be possible to meet their varied needs efficiently only if the company has concentrated on specific sectors. Vodafone’s theory in pricing process is that it should be ‘affordable to all’; but at the same time they do not compromise with product quality. Global business environment The rapid technological developments in telecommunication field have encouraged the entrance of large number of new service providers into the market. Although Vodafone is one of the world’s leading companies, it faces intense competition in India and Australia. In India, there are too many competitive service operators such as BSNL, Reliance, and Airtel. However, the Vodafone Group could establish their position in Indian telecommunication market through the application of a wide variety of promotional techniques. Similarly, an extreme competitive environment exists in Australia also in the field of mobile network service providers. The business graph of Vodafone Australia indicates its fascinating growth during the last couple of years. In order to overcome the complexity of cut-throat competition, the Vodafone practices the method of target marketing. They maintain separate team of researchers in order to valuate the potentials and threats of a selected

Friday, November 15, 2019

Introduction Of Copd Health And Social Care Essay

Introduction Of Copd Health And Social Care Essay Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is a group of chronic and progressive respiratory disorders that are characterized by an airway obstruction with little or no reversibility. Damage to the lungs continues to make breathing gradually more difficult over time. Two clinical conditions often associated under the diagnosis of COPD are chronic bronchitis and emphysema, which obstruct or limit airflow into the lung fields. Chronic bronchitis is the presence of chronic productive cough for three months in each of two consecutive years in a patient in whom other causes of chronic cough have been excluded. Emphysema is an abnormal permanent enlargement of the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, accompanied by destruction of their walls and without obvious fibrosis (Lewis, S., Heitkemper, M., Dirksen, S., OBrien, P., Bucher, L., 2007, p. 629). Most patients diagnosed with COPD suffer from both pathological conditions, but manifestations can vary significantly from patient to patient. According to Medline Plus (n.d.), Your airways branch out inside your lungs like an upside-down tree. At the end of each branch are small, balloon-like air sacs. In healthy people, both the airways and air sacs are spring and elastic. When you breathe in, each air sac fills with air like a small balloon. The balloon deflates when you exhale. In COPD, your airways and air sacs lose their shape and become floppy, like a stretched-out rubber band (Medline Plus, n.d., para.2). These disease processes affect the bronchi, bronchioles and lung parenchyma with predominance on distal airway. COPD is a growing health problem not only in the United States, but also worldwide. In 2005, approximately one in 20 deaths in the United States had COPD as the underlying cause. Smoking is estimated to be responsible for at least 75% of COPD deaths (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008, para.1). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) also estimates that there are over 119,000 deaths, 726,000 hospitalizations, and 1.5 million hospital emergency department visits are caused by COPD annually(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2009, para. 2). Even more alarming are the statistics world-wide. The World Health Organization (WHO) (2007), revealed that currently 210 million people have COPD and 3 million people died of COPD in 2005. WHO predicts that COPD will become the third leading cause of death worldwide by 2030 (World Health Organization, 2009, para.3). With statistics this rampant, what exactly are the manifestations that cause COPD? Etiology/Prognosis: There are several causes of COPD. Of all potential inhaled pollutants, cigarette smoking is the primary risk factor thought to contribute to COPD. Patients with a history of smoking a pack per day, over forty years, are especially predictive of COPD development. Exposure to passive cigarette smoking, air pollution, occupational hazards such as dust or fine particles (coal or silica dust, asbestos) and childhood respiratory disorders such as severe viral pneumonia can also contribute to the development of COPD. The elderly, patients with a low body weight and clients with a history of alcohol abuse are also susceptible. Prognosis of COPD is highly dependent upon the degree to which the patients breathing is affected and the ability to manage dyspnea, the ability of the heart to oxygenate other body systems. It is also dependent upon how damaged the lungs are upon diagnosis and if they are able to continue to oxygenate the blood without difficulty. Early diagnosis of COPD can help identify predisposing factors; such as smoking, and help provide a better prognosis through smoking cessation and deep breathing exercises to help ensure that the disease does not progress. A late diagnosis, that has affected the patients ability to perfuse vital organs, can result in organ failure on multiple levels and prognosis can be very grim. Further evaluation may be needed to determine the full extent of damage from lack of tissue perfusion. Pathophysiology: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease can be a result of chronic bronchitis and emphysema. An enlargement and multitude of mucous glands are produced with chronic bronchitis, resulting in an increased mucous production and a characteristic cough. Apart from the amount of mucous produced; the quality of the mucous also becomes more viscous in nature, making it harder for the patient to expel. Accumulation of excess mucus causes airway obstruction in the peripheral airway and therefore an increase in airway resistance. Lymphocytes, neutrophils and macrophages also accumulate which can lead to fibrosis or a formation of excess fibrous connective tissue in the lung fields as an attempt to repair the area. Emphysema results in large part from an enlargement of airspaces distal to terminal bronchioles. The loss of elasticity of the lung tissue and the closure of small airways is due to the destruction of the alveolar walls. When the connective tissue is destroyed in the alveolar walls, protease is released, further destroying elastin and inhibiting the ability of the alveoli to recoil. Protease affects structural integrity of the alveolar wall. In a healthy individual, the ability of the alveoli to recoil helps to maintain the patency of the airway lumen, especially during expiration. With COPD, there is airflow limitation due to loss of alveolar attachments, inflammatory obstruction of airways and obstruction of the terminal branches with mucus. Airways begin to narrow due to the inflammation, resulting in a loss of elastic recoil and loss of alveolar attachments. Ciliary function in COPD is also abnormally impeded. Cilia in the airway wall normally acts as a force to help thrust mucus or other foreign bodies toward the trachea for expulsion from the body. This function is often impeded by the thick and firm mucus often seen with chronic bronchitis. Lack of ciliary function increases the risk of recurrent infections in the lungs due to accumulation of these foreign particles within the lung fields. Destruction of the alveoli and profuse mucous accumulation destroys the ability of the body to deliver oxygen, resulting in hypoxia. The patient suffering from COPD often struggles to breathe and hypoxic-related dyspnea systemically affects other areas of the body ofte n leading to pulmonary hypertension and heart problems such as heart attacks and right-sided heart failure. Patients with COPD are more prone to respiratory infections, lung cancer and depression. Signs and symptoms of COPD usually do not occur until significant damage to the lungs and other body systems have occurred. Signs and Symptoms: Patients with COPD usually present with signs and symptoms of both emphysema and chronic bronchitis to include a continuous hacking-type cough that produces a thick mucus which is often hard to expectorate. Patient may also complain of significant shortness of breath that presents particularly with exercise or exertion. Clients may also complain of difficulty sleeping with constant fatigue and an abrupt, unplanned weight loss. Patients typically also present with rapid breathing, barrel-like distention to chest and will sit often in a tripod position, leaning forward with arms braced against their knees, chair, or bed. This gives them leverage so that their rectus abdominus, intercostals, and accessory neck muscles all can aid in expiration (Jarvis, C., 2008, p. 449). Due to lack of oxygen the patient might also present with cyanosis of the skin, wheezing and chest tightness, with possible signs and symptoms of respiratory infection. Patients with COPD can also experience exacerbatio ns, which are periods or episodes where the patients COPD symptoms can suddenly worsen. Exacerbations can be caused by influenza, infections or exertion. Other contributing factors include a rapid change in humidity or temperature, exposure to smoke or other pollutants, allergens and dust. According to report from the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) (2009), COPD can be broken down into four various stages to include: Stage I: mild COPD: Characterized by mild airflow limitation predicted. Symptoms of chronic cough and sputum production may be present, but not always. At this stage, the individual is usually unaware that his or her lung function is abnormal. Stage II: moderate COPD: Characterized by worsening airflow limitation with shortness of breath typically developing on exertion, with a productive cough. This is the stage at which patients typically seek medical attention because of chronic respiratory symptoms or an exacerbation of their disease. Stage III: severe COPD: Characterized by further worsening of airflow limitation, patient experiences an even greater degree of shortness of breath, reduced exercise capacity, fatigue, and repeated exacerbations that almost always have an impact on patients quality of life. Stage IV: very severe COPD: Characterized by severe airflow limitation with the presence of chronic respiratory failure. Respiratory failure may also lead to effects on the heart such as cor pulmonale (right heart failure). At this stage, quality of life is very appreciably impaired and exacerbations may be life threatening (GOLD Report, 2009, p.4). With the varying manifestations in the progression of the disease, providers must take into account the assortment of challenges and medical interventions necessary in the treatment of COPD. COPD: Medical Interventions Diet Plan: Needs and Modifications: Individuals with COPD have overall muscular weakness, including the respiratory muscles, that relates to systemic inflammatory process in the lungs. Diet is an important factor to take into consideration, especially in the elderly because the risk for malnutrition increases. COPD and malnutrition go hand in hand, malnutrition and a low BMI of Individuals who are underweight have an underlying problem that relates to an increased metabolism and the breakdown of essential nutrients for energy requirements. In these individuals it is best to modify their eating habits, with frequent breaks to decrease fatigue. It takes a lot of energy to metabolize food, breathing and eating become harder, [the individual] may have to choose between taking a gasp of air or a bite of food (ONeill, 2004, para. 3). For those who are overweight, the problem as it relates to COPD is due to excess abdominal fat. Abdominal fat prevents the diaphragm from expanding completely, which causes a decrease in oxygen availability. This decrease in oxygen compromises the cardiovascular system due to the inadequate amount of oxygen being delivered to the heart and throughout the body. Both malnourished and obese individuals need to monitor weight, food and fluid intake daily. According to Peggy ONeil (2004), intake of fluids, calories, protein, calcium and potassium all play a role in protecting immunity and easing breathing (ONeil, 2004, para. 8). The American Lung Association states that the metabolism of each [nutrient] requires a different amount of oxygen and produces a different amount of carbon dioxide. Metabolism of carbohydrates produces the most carbon dioxide for the amount of oxygen used; metabolism of fat produces the least (American Lung Association, 2010, para. 3). Good sources of fat should come from unsaturated fats such as nuts, olive oil, soy and avocados. Protein is essential for muscle repair and assists in the healing process when an infection or injury occurs. ONeil recommends that generally two cups of milk plus six ounces of protein from other sources each day provide four servings of high-quality protein, good sources of protein, which is adequate for someone with COPD (ONeil, para. 12). Potassium is found in fruits, vegetables, dairy products and meats [and are] key to control blood pressure, muscle contraction, and nerve impulses transmission. Normal serum potassium levels help with optimal muscle contraction to aid breathing (ONeill, para. 15). Excessive need for increased nutritional intake is imperative for the adequate daily functioning and maintenance in the COPD client. In order to facilitate sufficient digestion and proper absorption of food the patient should remain upright after meals to prevent the stomach from pushing on his diaphragmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦limit intake of carbonated beveragesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[and to consume] soft, easy-to-chew foods to prevent him from becoming short of breathe while eating (ONeil, 2004, para. 16). Consumption of clear fluids should be encouraged to prevent dehydration and also to help thin mucous secretions. Appropriate Medications and Diagnosis: Although there is controversy over the amount of oxygen to give a patient with COPD, it is generally understood that the long term use of oxygen therapy improves survival, exercise capacity, cognitive performance, and sleep (Lewis et al., p. 640). There are various ways that oxygen therapy can be administered to a patient with COPD. In hospitals the most precise delivery of oxygen therapy is through the use of the venturi mask, however most patients prefer to use the nasal cannula. The structure of the nasal cannula allows the patient to perform daily activities such as eating and talking without interrupting oxygen delivery. When oxygen therapy is used in conjunction with smoking cessation it improves the patients quality of life by increasing the amount of available oxygen and increasing systemic perfusion. Depending on the severity of COPD, bronchodilators such as beta2-antagonist, anticholinergic, and methylxanthine (Lewis et al., 2007, p. 639) will be given to relax the smooth muscles of the airway, and to increase gas exchange. These medications can be administered as an inhalant or by the oral route. For those experiencing moderate-to-severe COPD, glucocorticoid therapy may be combined with a bronchodilator to decrease inflammation of the airways. Inhaled glucocorticoids are preferred over oral glucocorticoids for long term treatment, because oral treatments can lead to adrenal insufficiency and Cushings syndrome. (See Appendix A). Patient should expect to experience improved oxygen utilization. Diagnostic Tests and Lab Work: Pulmonary functions test measures the intake and output of air in the lungs and is used to confirm the diagnosis of COPD. There are four components to pulmonary function testing, [which consist of]: spirometry, postbronchodilator spirometry, lung volumes, and diffusion capacity (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Diagnosis, 2010, para. 3). Also, there are many diagnostic studies that support the diagnosis of COPD, such as chest x-rays, arterial blood gases, echocardiogram and electrocardiogram (ECG) (Lewis et al., p. 638). X-rays are not the preferred method of diagnosing COPD since it cannot pick up abnormalities until COPD is in the later stages. Arterial blood gases are performed to monitor the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. In individuals with COPD typical findings are low PaCO2, elevated PaCO2, decreased or low-normal pH, and increased bicarbonate (HCO3) levels (Lewis et al., 2007, p. 638). COPD can cause right sided heart failure related to pulmonary hypertension so patient should be monitored regularly by ECG and echocardiogram. As discussed earlier, changes in the lungs are related to smoking, toxins in the environment or occupation. In order to identify the causative effects of these toxin, clinical trials are being conducted to development new diagnostic tests that are aimed at identify early neoplastic changes in the lung. For example, advanced imaging techniques such as the PET scan is able to reveal metabolically active nodule [that are] highly indicative of malignancy (Petty Miller, n.d. p. 7), that could not be found with prior diagnostic tests. Also, a tissue autofluorescence, which is an enhanced bronchoscopy technique, can indicate a high likelihood of malignancy (Petty Miller, p. 7) in the lung tissue, that cannot be seen in a CT scan or chest X-ray. Hopefully, these clinical studies as they become available to the general population, will not only identify acute changes in the lung structure in advance, but also could potentially assist in finding a cure for lung diseases. Treatment and Treatment Options: Medications can make COPD patients more comfortable, but there is no overall curative treatment. The disease itself extends beyond the airways and lungs to include other body systems, (Barnett, 2008, p. 30). The goal in treatment is aimed at the controlling the symptoms involved in these various areas of the body and to reduce the inflammatory response in the lungs. To do this, the patient will need to modify their diet and lifestyle habit to prolong the quality of their life. As discussed earlier, emphysema and bronchitis constitute the disease known as COPD. The management and treatment of these two diseases is necessary for the patient to live a quality life. The medical treatments used to treat COPD was reviewed earlier, there are also non-pharmacological treatment options available that slow the progression of the disease and the symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. One non-pharmacological treatment option is pulmonary rehabilitation. The goal of this treatment is to: break the vicious cycle of increasing inactivity, breathlessness and physical de-condition, and improving exercise capacity and functional status as well as improving individual patients self-management skillsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Pulmonary rehabilitation is conducted by physiotherapist and respiratory nurses. Each session is based on the patient exercise tolerance and consists of one to two sessions a week for about an hour, for 6-8 weeksà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ then followed by an educational component to enable to the patient to make lifestyle changes to help them cope better with living with COPD (Barnett, p. 31). There are various energy conservation techniques that a patient can use to improve the quality of available oxygen. Often COPD patients struggle to breathe. The overall goal of the following energy conservation techniques is to help the patient breath better and to improve activities of daily living by relieving the distressing symptoms that accompany COPD. According to Barnett (2008), these techniques are: Exhale during strenuous part of an activity and use pursed lips to reduce to work of breathing, alter strenuous activities with easier tasks, place items within easy reach, to reduce bending and stretching for items, If needed, use aids and equipment such as electronic wheel chairs and to sit down to perform many of the daily activities (Barnett, 2008, p. 32). With a healthy individual, there is a low residual of air that remains in the lung. With the COPD patient, the volume of trapped air is increased and therefore decreases oxygen exchange within the lungs. Stress reducing techniques can help relax the patient. Therefore the patient can exhale the excess retained carbon dioxide and inhale even greater amounts of saturated oxygen with each new breathe. Hence, the efficiency of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange is improved. Individuals should be updated on immunizations, even more so if a patient has COPD. According to the CDC (2010) adult immunization schedule, patients with chronic lung disease are required to have one annual influenza and one or two pneumococcal inoculations within the patients lifetime (CDC, 2010, p. 2). If the patient becomes infected with influenza or pneumonia, damage to the lung fields can be exacerbated if not treated quickly and can possibly lead to death. COPD: Holistic Assessment of Patient Scenario: Mr. Johnson is a 73 year old male who has presented to the Emergency Department for the third time this week with dyspnea. Patient has been smoking a minimum of one pack per day for the past 46 years. Patient is currently on two liters of supplemental oxygen at home via nasal cannula and states that he cannot seem to catch his breath. Mr. Johnson is leaning over the side of the bed in tripod position, gasping with supraclavicular retractions noted on inhalation. As a nurse, what do you think could be wrong with your patient? Physical Assessment Upon further evaluation, the nurse notices that Mr. Johnson also has a non-productive hacking-type cough that has persisted throughout the triage process. Mr. Johnson complains, I just cannot seem to get this thick mucus up out of my throat and I feel like I am suffocating, like I cannot catch my breath! Patient appears to be bracing himself over the side of the chair in a tripod position. The nurse is a waiting for the provider to place orders in the computer for the clients chest x-ray. A venturi mask is placed on the patient and oxygen delivery is set to be administered at three liters of oxygen per minutes. This intervention successfully alleviates the patients rapid and shallow respirations, as well as the circumoralcyanosis. Upon auscultation the nurse notices diminished lung sounds over the left and right lower lung fields with auditory wheezing upon exhalation. The nurse also notices a barrel-like distention to the patients chest. The nurse begins to take the patient to radio logy and abruptly stops as the patient begins to weep inconsolably. What could be the likely factor associated with the emotional reaction exhibited with the patient? Psychosocial Assessment: To make an accurate assessment of the patients psychological reaction, the nurse casually begins to inquire about the patients daily activities. The patient divulges to the nurse that he has lost his job, is no longer able to care for himself and feels a sense of guilt that he has become burdensome on his family members. Patient states, I have a loving family, but feel as though they would be better off without me. I know I shouldnt feel this way, but I have been depressed and feeling lonely for some time now. The nurse recognizes that the patient is displaying signs of depression, low self-esteem and lack of autonomy with loss of control over his personal life. The priority nursing interventions for this patient should include a referral to a mental health agency and community outreach programs that can assist the patient to meet the psychological strains produced by his current health situation. The patient then covers his face and whispers in a soft undertone, I cannot even afford to pay for my groceries, much less this visit! How can I afford this referral? With this statement in mind, what priority nursing assessment should the nurse consider? Socioeconomic Assessment: Mr. Johnson is one of many faces dealing with the strains and financial hardship associated with COPD. The overall costs of COPD are overwhelming. According to the Harvard University (2008), the annual cost to the nation for COPD (emphysema and bronchitis) is approximately $32.1 billion, including healthcare expenditures of $18.0 billion and indirect costs of $14.1 billion (Harvard University: Healthcare delivery- Deconstructing the costs, 2008, para 58). The global statistics are even more astounding. According to the American College of Chest Physicians (2003), the global direct yearly costs of chronic bronchitis and COPD patient was $1876. The cost generated by the patients with COPD was $1,760.00 [per patient/year/costs], but the cost of severe cases ($2,911 per year) [per patient/year/costs] was almost double that of mild cases ($1484 per year) [per patient/year/costs] (Miravitlles, Murio, Guerrero, Gisbert, 2003, p.786). With these statistics in mind, what are some of the teac hing points that a nurse can utilize to assist the COPD patient? Health Teaching and Community Resources: The nurse must take in various considerations when assisting the COPD patient. How well is the patient able to tolerate activity? Does the patient suffer from dyspnea related disturbance in their sleep pattern? What are the patients physical or financial resources? A patient that has a hard time meeting monthly utility bills is far less likely to be compliant with a medical regime. The nurse should focus on trying to coordinate social work service to help the patient to meet healthcare needs. If the patient has a family member, how does this affect his or her role if they are primary breed winner in the family? Interview should point out any psychological stressors that may be affecting the patient and should determine if therapy may be required. Primary education should focus on convincing the patient to quit smoking. Inform the patient to keep up to date on immunizations such as annual flu and pneumonia vaccines. Patient should compliantly take prescribed medications and avoid second-hand smoke or exposure to other irritants such as dust, smog, extreme heat or cold and high altitudes, pollutants that can exacerbate symptoms. COPD patients must increase fluid intake to decrease viscosity of mucous secretions in addition to maintaining an adequate nutritional status to facilitate extra nutritional requirements. Diets should be low in saturated fat and should include various fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Highly emphasize to the patient that use of oxygen therapy should be only used as directed and control of respirations with pursed lip technique. Direct the patient to take frequent breaks to minimize fatigue. Pacing of activities throughout the day will minimize undue stress on the lungs. It may be necessary to coordin ate follow-up appointments for the patient; however signs and symptoms such as shortness of breath, wheezing or the desire to lean forward to aid in breathing will warrant an earlier visit. A trip to the emergency room will be necessary if the patient starts to have sudden, severe shortness of breath, or if they become lightheaded, weak, faint or experience chest pain with a rapid, irregular heart rate. Conclusion Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is a progressive and debilitating disease process that wreaks havoc on the patients cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Management of COPD can be maintained and symptoms minimized through adequate diet interventions, medication regimens, completing diagnostic exams and lab tests. Though COPD is a preventable disease, the realistic nature of the disease process requires a nurse that is knowledgeable, caring and sympathetic to the patients overall needs.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Macbeth :: essays research papers

In Shakespeare's tragedy, Macbeth, the characters and the roles they play are critical to its plot and theme, and therefore many of Shakespeare's characters are well developed and complex. Two of these characters are the protagonist, Macbeth, and his wife, Lady Macbeth. They play interesting roles in the tragedy, and over the course of the play, their relationship changes and their roles are essentially switched. At the beginning of the play, they treat each other as equals. They have great concern for each other, as illustrated when Macbeth races to tell Lady Macbeth the news about the witches and she immediately begins plotting how to gain for her husband his desire to be king. At this point, Lady Macbeth is the resolute, strong woman, while Macbeth is portrayed as her indecisive, cowardly husband. He does have ambition, but at this point, his conscience is stronger than that ambition. Lady Macbeth explains this characteristic of her husband in Act I, Scene v, when she says, "Yet do I fear thy nature; it is too full o' th' milk of human kindness to catch the nearest way." The next stage of change developing in the characters of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth is in Act II. This is the act in which Macbeth kills King Duncan. Macbeth's character change is apparent because it is obvious that he has given in to his ambition and has murdered the king. He is not entirely changed, though, because he is almost delirious after he has committed the crime. He exclaims, "Will all great Neptune's ocean wash this blood clean from my hand? No; this my hand will rather the multitudinous seas incarnadine, making the green one red." He believes that instead of the ocean cleaning his hands, his hands would turn the ocean red. Macbeth's role has changed somewhat but not entirely, since he has committed the crime but his conscience is still apparent after the murder. Lady Macbeth's role similarly changes somewhat in Act II. The reader sees a crack in her strong character when she tells Macbeth in Scene ii of Act II that she would have murdered Duncan herself if he had not resembled her father as he slept. Her boldness is still evident, though, when she calms Macbeth after the murder and believes "a little water clears us of this deed." Unlike the roles of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, their relationship remains unchanged from Act I to II.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

My best educational experience Essay

My best educational experience was learning to drive my car. My [insert figure name] taught me how to understand the basics of driving as well as defensive driving. He or she would always state that driving was a big responsibility. I always wondered why driving a car could be a responsibility and I learned it very slowly during my driving course in school. Our instructor stated that driving was a two-way encounter with others and your own vehicle. He did not allow us to get into a car until we understood the rules of the road. For instance, did you know that you must wear a seatbelt no matter what? And it’s also important to check under and in your car before cranking the ignition? I never thought that stuff was important unless it was in a movie. After he ensured us that it was for our safety, I check to make sure I’m okay. Learning the rules of the road was an easy task. We had to learn about the signal lights, lines of the roads, and basics of driving with others. My vision test (signal lights and signs) was a breeze because the signs were so easy to remember. At first, I could not remember which sign meant construction workers and pedestrians; now I can recognize any sign that involves individuals crossing my path. Learning how to drive a car also meant learning how to understand my car. Our driving instructor taught us the general structure of a car by posting pictures and having actual parts in our class. Each day, we learned a new part and how it functions in our car. The third day of class was our messiest; he brought a transmission into our classroom with oil on it. He stated that our cars would not be able to move if our transmission did not work. I really didn’t know that before he told me – and it makes me wonder how naive I would have been without knowing it. By the end of the seven weeks, our instructor took us on the road. I was the 12th driver listed for an on-road exam for my permit. I was very nervous because I had to get on the road with other experienced drivers. My instructor told me to be careful and relax. I relaxed then I was careful with my driving. I realized that being ‘uptight’ about the situation could make things worse. Driving a car was not surgery (even though our instructor made it seem that way). Driving was an enjoyment because I could determine my destinations. If I wanted to get away and go to the beach, all I had to do is crank my car and fill up the tank. The freedom of driving has taught me how to appreciate my time. By having access to a vehicle, I realized that I was fortunate to feel comfortable behind a wheel. Cars are a big responsibility and I agree with [insert figure name]. It does take a responsible person to travel highways at high speeds in a vehicle. I’m glad that I was able to become one of those responsible people and learning to drive was an amazing experience – it taught me how to guide myself in the right direction.

Friday, November 8, 2019

Definition of Dime Novel

Definition of Dime Novel A dime novel was a cheap and generally sensational tale of adventure sold as popular entertainment in the 1800s. Dime novels can be considered the paperback books of their day, and they often featured tales of mountain men, explorers, soldiers, detectives, or Indian fighters. Despite their name, the dime novels generally cost less than ten cents, with many actually selling for a nickel. The most popular publisher was the firm of Beadle and Adams of New York City. The heyday of the dime novel was from the 1860s to the 1890s, when their popularity was eclipsed by pulp magazines featuring similar tales of adventure. Critics of dime novels often denounced them as immoral, perhaps because of violent content. But the books themselves actually tended to reinforce conventional values of the time such as patriotism, bravery, self-reliance, and American nationalism. Origin of the Dime Novel Cheap literature had been produced in the early 1800s, but the creator of the dime novel is generally accepted to be Erastus Beadle, a printer who had published magazines in Buffalo, New York. Beadles brother Irwin had been selling sheet music, and he and Erastus tried selling books of songs for ten cents. The music books became popular, and they sense there was a market for other cheap books. In 1860 the Beadle brothers, who had set up shop in New York City, published a novel, Malaeska, The Indian Wife of White Hunters, by a popular writer for womens magazines, Ann Stephens. The book sold well, and the Beadles began to steadily publish novels by other authors. The Beadles added a partner, Robert Adams, and the publishing firm of Beadle and Adams became known as the foremost publisher of dime novels. Dime novels were not originally intended to present a new type of writing. At the outset, the innovation was simply in the method and distribution of the books. The books were printed with paper covers, which were cheaper to produce than traditional leather bindings. And as the books were lighter, they could easily be sent through the mails, which opened up great opportunity for mail-order sales. Its not a coincidence that dime novels became suddenly popular in the early 1860s, during the years of the Civil War. The books were easily to stow in a soldiers knapsack, and would have been very popular reading material in the camps of Union soldiers. The Style of the Dime Novel Over time the dime novel began to take on a distinct style. Tales of adventure often dominated, and dime novels might feature, as their central characters, folk heroes such as Daniel Boone and Kit Carson. The writer Ned Buntline popularized the exploits of Buffalo Bill Cody in an extremely popular series of dime novels. While dime novels were often condemned, they actually tended to present tales which were moralistic. The bad guys tended to be captured and punished, and the good guys exhibited commendable traits, such as bravery, chivalry, and patriotism. Though the peak of the dime novel is generally considered to be in the late 1800s, some versions of the genre existed into the early decades of the 20th century. The dime novel was eventually replaced as cheap entertainment and by new forms of storytelling, especially the radio, movies, and eventually television.

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Jane Addams1 essays

Jane Addams1 essays Jane Addams was born in Cedarville, Illinois on September 6, 1860,and the eighth of nine children. Her father, John Addams, was a prosperous miller and local political leader who served for sixteen years as a state senator and fought as an officer in the Civil War, he was a friend of Abraham Jane's mother dies when she was only two. Her father remarried and her new stepmother brought along two new stepbrothers to add to the already large family. With the fact of Jane's mother passing away she was especially devoted to her father, her father became her idol (Jane 1). He taught her tolerance, philanthropy, and strong work ethic (Biography 2). He encouraged her to pursue higher education but not at the cost of losing her femininity and the prospect of marriage and motherhood (Biography 2). She was born Laura Jane Addams and was named after Mrs. Laura Jane Forbes, an intelligent young woman who had taught private school in the village before she married Colonel H.C. Forbes. Soon her siblings were calling her Jenny: for most "Jane's" were "Jenny's" then, so soon after the gala concert tour of Jenny Lind, "the Swedish Nightingale." When Jenny was 2 years old she was still sleeping with her mother, who died while giving birth to her ninth child. This brought great sorrow to the town of Cedarville because Jane's mother was very well liked in the town, usually being the first to the bedside of the sick or invalid and a great comfort to all of the townspeople (Wise, 16). Although Jane's mother lost 4 children at a very young age she had five healthy ones survive. The oldest was Mary, who cared for all the children, then Martha, Webber, Alice, and Jenny the baby of the family (Jane). When their father went to Springfield for the state legislature Mary wrote to him often telling him about the children and the quickly spreading scarlet fever. In one such letter...

Monday, November 4, 2019

Letter of intent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Letter of intent - Essay Example These acts motivate me to venture in public administration, so as to participate in streamlining order in the society. I hope to engage actively in forums that formulate policies, which aim at making the society a safe place for humanity to live. My minor in human rights law strengthens my desire to take this course. Having worked in the immigration and refugee board exposed me to the various sentiments that immigrants and refugees experience when they seek help from authorities. Given the universality, and paramount nature of human rights, I hope to influence the governance of such matters, and promote positive experiences among such groups (Mandal, 2007). Public administration relates to serving the public, without discriminating on any individual. Being an African Canadian promotes my impartiality in various areas of life. I intend to serve the public in the best way possible, and ensure that the public gets the services they expect from their government. The aspirations that I have for public administration guarantee my commitment to this course. I shall pursue the course to completion, within the required time of study, as I want to serve my nation as a competent administrator. I shall comply with the course requirements, and ensure that I achieve exceptionally as I am a top performer, given my undergraduate scores. Public administration helps me accomplish my career aspirations. It equips me with the necessary knowledge required to understand how I can contribute positively to society. It also gives me adequate skills that I can use to promote the dignity of humankind. I can assist victims of crime in society by ensuring that criminals face the appropriate consequences for their actions. Additionally, I can participate in the formulation of policies that enhance the livelihoods of humankind. More to this, being in a public administration office shall

Friday, November 1, 2019

Visual Analysis paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Visual Analysis paper - Assignment Example Having emerged around 1910 in Europe, abstractionism disrupted the idea of classical beauty and aesthetics in art. It believed that the first steps towards new concept of abstractionism were made by Vasily Kandinsky, a remarkable painter of Russian descent, who created his abstract watercolors around 1910. Naturally, two world wars made a great contribution to changes in perception of painting and use of abstract concepts in visual art. Abstractionism ran through the works of such prominent innovators of the 20th century as Kazemir Malevich, Mark Rothko, Vasily Kandinsky, Piet Mondrian (and his De Stijl group) and Frank Stella. The core of their legacy is represented by the basic principles of abstractionism, though their styles and perceptions of reflecting the reality in painting differ in certain aspects (for instance, Malevich’s special philosophy of suprematism). Specifically, the two most visible approaches seen in paintings of these artists are surely color field techni que and hard-edge painting. Moreover, there are tendencies of minimalism that could be traced in their styles. Among the mentioned artists, Frank Stella’s period of activity began later (which isn’t surprising as the author was born in 1936) and has endured until nowadays. The artists seems to have absorbed influence of abstractionist school and embodied key concepts in his works. The set of directions preferable for Stella includes hard-edge painting, minimalism and post-painterly abstraction. The latter presupposes distinct edges, harmony or contrast of simple forms and monumentality. Post-painterly abstraction finds its reflection in many works of this prolific painter, and – notwithstanding new elements in the style – it is clear from Stella’s paintings that this style is based mainly on traditions of abstract expressionism, lavishly cultivated by Malevich, Rothko, Kandinsky and Mondrian. It could be stated that Stella’s way of self-expr ession through abstract